Breathing life into the ocean

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NASA Earth Observatory images and video by Joshua Stevens, using data from NASA's Ocean Color Web and VIIRS data from NASA EOSDIS LANCE, GIBS/Worldview, and the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership.
Story by Emily Cassidy.

From NASA

From global to regional scales, images from satellites portray the dynamic beauty of the world’s oceans.
Each view reveals something unique, from the seasonal pulses of life to the colorful signature of phytoplankton blooms.

Almost all life in the ocean depends on tiny photosynthetic organisms known as phytoplankton.
These microscopic plant-like organisms capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen.
Phytoplankton act as Earth’s lungs and have produced about half of the oxygen we breathe.

One way scientists can track phytoplankton in the ocean is by measuring concentrations of chlorophyll—the compound that allows phytoplankton and plants to absorb energy from sunlight.
There are several kinds of chlorophyll, but they all absorb blue and red wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum and reflect green light.

The animation above, composed from a series of images acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite, shows chlorophyll concentrations across the planet’s oceans from January 2021 to January 2022.
Light-yellow areas on the maps show where chlorophyll concentrations are high; darker blue areas show where they are low.

As the seasons change, chlorophyll concentrations change with them.
Chlorophyll is especially abundant in spring and early summer, when plentiful light and nutrients support huge blooms of phytoplankton.

“The color of the ocean provides us with important information about phytoplankton, the health of the ocean, and the global climate,” said Ivona Cetinić, an oceanographer at Morgan State University and member of NASA’s Ocean Ecology lab.

Regional differences in chlorophyll concentrations are due to factors such as the shape of the seafloor (bathymetry), ocean currents, and nutrient availability.
Near coastlines, phytoplankton thrive on abundant nutrients washed into the ocean from land and from upwelling of cold, nutrient-dense water from the deep ocean.
In many cases the blooms are harmless.
But rapid growth of certain types of phytoplankton in shallow coastal waters can create harmful algal blooms, which can lead to fish kills and produce toxins harmful to human health.

Some of the highest chlorophyll concentrations can be found in cold polar waters, where nutrients build up during the dark winter months.
When spring sunlight returns, phytoplankton flourish.
Near the equator, a streak of high chlorophyll concentrations can be seen where the ocean’s warm upper waters mix with the cooler, nutrient-rich waters from the depths.
This process, known as equatorial upwelling, creates ideal conditions for phytoplankton to thrive throughout the year.

November 21, 2022 JPEG

High levels of chlorophyll also show up at mid-latitudes.
On the global map, notice the seasonal abundance of chlorophyll off the coast of Argentina.
This area, known as the “shelf-break front,” is at a crossroads of ocean currents.
The nutrients they carry often produce dazzling phytoplankton displays in the spring and summer.

These blooms are especially eye-catching in natural-color satellite images.
As summer approached in the southern hemisphere, a phytoplankton bloom became visible off the coast of Argentina.
This image was acquired on November 21, 2022, with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite.
Turbulent conditions on the edge of the continental shelf generated swirls of water traced by phytoplankton that painted the water blue and green.

“The color of the swirls can tell us something about the type of plankton present in the bloom,” Cetinić said.
She noted that it is difficult to tell immediately the types of phytoplankton present.
Understanding the different types of phytoplankton present in the ocean can tell us about the cycling of not only carbon but other nutrients, too.

Although the colors of the phytoplankton bloom off Patagonia are impressive, NASA’s existing fleet of satellites has some limitations for understanding ocean ecology.
Some of these limitations could soon be resolved, according to Cetinić, the science lead for ocean biogeochemistry for an upcoming NASA satellite called the Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, Ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission.

“PACE is hyperspectral, which means it will be able to see many different hues and will help us tease apart which types of phytoplankton are present.
It will also help us quickly identify and forecast harmful algal blooms,” Cetinić said.
Moving to PACE to understand ocean ecology, “will be like switching from a flip phone to the latest smart phone.”