An image of the well-preserved medieval ship found at the bottom of the Black Sea, one of more than 40 wrecks discovered.
Photogrammetry, a process using thousands of photographs and readings, produced a rendering that appears three-dimensional.
Credit Expedition and Education Foundation/Black Sea MAP
From New York Times by William J. Broad
The
medieval ship lay more than a half-mile down at the bottom of the Black
Sea, its masts, timbers and planking undisturbed in the darkness for
seven or eight centuries.
Lack of oxygen in the icy depths had ruled out
the usual riot of creatures that feast on sunken wood.
This
fall, a team of explorers lowered a robot on a long tether, lit up the
wreck with bright lights and took thousands of high-resolution photos.
A
computer then merged the images into a detailed portrait.
Archaeologists
date the discovery to the 13th or 14th century, opening a new window on
forerunners of the 15th- and 16th-century sailing vessels that
discovered the New World, including those of Columbus.
This medieval
ship probably served the
Venetian empire, which had Black Sea outposts.
Never
before had this type of ship been found in such complete form.
The
breakthrough was the quarterdeck, from which the captain would have
directed a crew of perhaps 20 sailors.
“That’s never been seen archaeologically,” said Rodrigo Pacheco-Ruiz, an expedition member at the
Center for Maritime Archaeology at the University of Southampton, in Britain.
“We couldn’t believe our eyes.”
A photogrammetric image of a ship from the Ottoman era that most likely went down between the 17th and 19th centuries.
The discoverers nicknamed it the Flower of the Black Sea because of its ornate carvings, including two large posts topped with petals.
Credit Expedition and Education Foundation/Black Sea MAP
Remarkably,
the find is but one of more than 40 shipwrecks that the international
team recently discovered and photographed off the Bulgarian coast in one
of archaeology’s greatest coups.
In age, the vessels span a millennium, from the
Byzantine to the
Ottoman
empires, from the ninth to the 19th centuries.
Generally, the ships are
in such good repair that the images reveal intact coils of rope,
rudders and elaborately carved decorations.
“They’re
astonishingly preserved,” said Jon Adams, the leader of the Black Sea
project and founding director of the maritime archaeology center at the
University of Southampton.
Kroum
Batchvarov, a team member at the University of Connecticut who grew up
in Bulgaria and has conducted other studies in its waters, said the
recent discoveries “far surpassed my wildest expectations.”
Independent
experts said the annals of deepwater archaeology hold few, if any,
comparable sweeps of discovery in which shipwrecks have proved to be so
plentiful, diverse and well preserved.
A photogrammetric image of the stern of the Ottoman-era ship showing coils of rope and a tiller with elaborate carvings.
A lack of oxygen at the icy depths of the Black Sea left the wrecks relatively undisturbed.
Credit Expedition and Education Foundation/Black Sea MAP
“It’s a great story,” said Shelley Wachsmann of the
Institute of Nautical Archaeology at Texas A&M University.
“We can expect some real contributions to our understanding of ancient trade routes.”
Goods traded on the Black Sea included grains, furs, horses, oils, cloth, wine and people.
The
Tatars
turned Christians into slaves who were shipped to places like Cairo.
For Europeans, the sea provided access to a northern branch of the
Silk Road and imports of silk, satin, musk, perfumes, spices and jewels.
Marco Polo
reportedly visited the Black Sea, and Italian merchant colonies dotted
its shores.
The profits were so enormous that, in the 13th and 14th
centuries, Venice and Genoa fought a series of wars for control of the
trade routes, including those of the Black Sea.
Brendan P. Foley, an archaeologist at the
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
on Cape Cod, Mass., said the good condition of the shipwrecks implied
that many objects inside their hulls might also be intact.
“You
might find books, parchment, written documents,” he said in an
interview.
“Who knows how much of this stuff was being transported? But
now we have the possibility of finding out. It’s amazing.”
Experts
said the success in Bulgarian waters might inspire other nations that
control portions of the Black Sea to join the archaeological hunt.
They
are Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey and Ukraine.
Dr.
Foley, who has explored a number of Black Sea wrecks, said the sea’s
overall expanse undoubtedly held tens of thousands of lost ships.
“Everything that sinks out there is going to be preserved,” he added.
“They’re not going away.”
For
ages, the Black Sea was a busy waterway that served the Balkans, the
Eurasian steppes, the Caucasus, Asia Minor, Mesopotamia and Greece.
It
long beckoned to archaeologists because they knew its deep waters lacked
oxygen, a rarity for large bodies of water.
The
great rivers of Eastern Europe — the Don, the Danube, the Dnieper —
pour so much fresh water into the sea that a permanent layer forms over
denser, salty water from the Mediterranean.
As a result, oxygen from the
atmosphere that mixes readily with fresh water never penetrates the
inky depths.
In 1976,
Willard Bascom,
a pioneer of oceanography, in his book “Deep Water, Ancient Ships,”
called the Black Sea unique among the world’s seas and a top candidate
for exploration and discovery.
A photogrammetric image of a
Byzantine wreck, dating perhaps to the ninth century.
Superimposed is an
image of one of the expedition’s tethered robots that photographed the
lost ships.
Credit
Expedition and Education Foundation/Black Sea MAP
“One is tempted,” he wrote, “to begin searching there in spite of the huge expanse of bottom that would have to be inspected.”
In 2002, Robert D. Ballard, a
discoverer of the sunken Titanic, led a Black Sea expedition that
found
a 2,400-year-old wreck laden with the clay storage jars of antiquity.
One held remnants of a large fish that had been dried and cut into
steaks, a popular food in ancient Greece.
The
new team said it received exploratory permits from the Bulgarian
ministries of culture and foreign affairs and limited its Black Sea
hunts to parts of that nation’s exclusive economic zone, which covers
thousands of square miles and runs up to roughly a mile deep.
Although the team’s official name is the
Black Sea Maritime Archaeology Project,
or Black Sea MAP, it also hauls up sediments to hunt for clues to how
the sea’s rising waters engulfed former land surfaces and human
settlements.
Team members listed on its
website include the
Bulgarian National Institute of Archaeology, the
Bulgarian Center for Underwater Archaeology, Sodertorn University in Sweden, and the
Hellenic Center for Marine Research in Greece.
An illustration of what the research team believes the medieval ship found in the Black Sea looked like during its heyday.Credit Jon Adams/University of Southampton/Black Sea MAP
The project’s financial backer is the Expedition and Education Foundation, a charity registered in Britain whose benefactors want to remain anonymous, team members said.
Dr. Adams of the University of Southampton, the team’s scientific leader,
described it as catalyzing an academic-industry partnership on the largest project “of its type ever undertaken.”
Nothing is known publicly about the cost, presumably vast, of the Black Sea explorations, which are to run for three years.
The endeavor began last year with a large Greek ship doing a preliminary survey.
This year, the main vessel was the
Stril Explorer, a British-flagged ship bearing a helicopter landing pad that usually services the undersea pipes and structures of the offshore
oil industry.
Instead, archaeologists on the ship lowered its sophisticated robots to hunt for ancient shipwrecks and lost history.
In an interview, Dr. Pacheco-Ruiz of the University of Southampton said he was watching the monitors late one night in September when the undersea robot lit up a large wreck in a high state of preservation.
“I was speechless,” he recalled.
“When I saw the ropes, I couldn’t believe my eyes. I still can’t.”
Dr.
Pacheco-Ruiz said the vessel hailed from the Ottoman Empire, whose
capital was Constantinople (today Istanbul), and most likely went down
sometime between the 17th and 19th centuries.
He said the team nicknamed
it “Flower of the Black Sea” because its deck bears ornate carvings,
including two large posts with tops that form petals.
In
an interview, Dr. Batchvarov of the University of Connecticut said most
of the discoveries date to the Ottoman era.
So it was that, late one
night, during his shift, he assumed that a new wreck coming into view
would be more of the same.
“Then
I saw a quarter rudder,” he recalled, referring to a kind of large
steering oar on a ship’s side. It implied the wreck was much older.
Then
another appeared. Quickly, he had the expedition’s leader, Dr. Adams,
awakened.
“He came immediately,” Dr. Batchvarov recalled.
“We looked at each other like two little boys in a candy shop.”
Dr.
Batchvarov said the wreck — the medieval one found more than a
half-mile down — was part of a class known by several names, including
cocha and “round ship.”
The latter name arose from how its ample girth
let it carry more cargo and passengers than a warship.
Dr.
Adams said the remarkable color images of the lost ships derived from a
process known as photogrammetry.
It combines photography with the
careful measurement of distances between objects, letting a computer
turn flat images into renderings that seem three-dimensional.
He
said tethered robots shot the photographic images with video and still
cameras.
The distance information, he added, came from advanced sonars,
which emit high-pitched sounds that echo through seawater.
Their
measurements, he said, can range down to less than a millimeter.
Their creation, it said, “takes days even with the fastest computers.”
Filmmakers are profiling the Black Sea hunt in a documentary, according to the team’s
website.
Another
part of the project seeks to share the thrill of discovery with schools
and educators.
Students are to study on the Black Sea, the website
says, or join university scientists in analyzing field samples “to
uncover the mysteries of the past.”
The
team has said little publicly on whether it plans to excavate the ships
— a topic on which nations, academics and treasure hunters have long
clashed.
Bulgaria is a signatory to the 2001 United Nations convention
that
outlaws commercial trade in underwater cultural heritage and sets out guidelines on such things as artifact recovery and public display.
Dr. Pacheco-Ruiz said the team had so far discovered and photographed 44 shipwrecks, and that more beckoned.
Which
was the most important?
Dr. Adams said that for him, a student of early
European shipbuilding, the centerpiece was the medieval round ship.
He
said it evoked Marco Polo and city states like Venice.
The ship, he
added, incorporated a number of innovations that let it do more than its
predecessors had and paved the way for bigger things to come.
“It’s not too much,” he said, “to say that medieval Europe became modern with the help of ships like these.”
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