Dark secret of the Lusitania

From DailyMail

Was the Lusitania Britain's war crime?
1,198 passengers died in 1915 when the liner sank - but was a German torpedo really to blame?

Within seconds of the initial shock, the great passenger liner listed and began to sink, her four funnels belching smoke.
Women and children shrieked in panic, and lifeboats half-full of people swung drunkenly from their davits, some crashing on to the deck, crushing other passengers.
A familiar picture – yet this is not the Titanic going down, but her lookalike, rival trans-Atlantic liner, Cunard’s RMS Lusitania, which sank off the Irish coast with the loss of 1,198 lives on 7 May 1915, three years after the Titanic went down.

And while the Titanic’s end had a natural cause – a collision with an iceberg – the Lusitania was sunk by a German U-boat torpedo. Or was it?
In the century since the catastrophe, debate has raged about what exactly caused the liner, among the largest in the world, to sink in just 18 minutes – the Titanic took almost three hours to go down.
Although the Lusitania was certainly struck by a German torpedo, survivors reported hearing a second explosion, which caused the fatal damage.
Now, as part of a TV documentary, a diving team has visited the wreck to find out what caused this mysterious second blast.

Multibeam Sonar image of the wreck of the Lusitania (GSI)
(Olex 3D seabed mapping display from Wreck Hunter)
>>> geolocalization with the Marine GeoGarage <<<

The Lusitania, which had left New York bound for Liverpool six days earlier with almost 2,000 passengers and crew on board, had been known to be carrying small-arms ammunition to supply the British Army, then grappling with the Germans in Flanders in the midst of World War I.
But soon after the sinking, rumours circulated that the ship had also been carrying explosives destined for the front.
Endangering innocent civilians in such a way – if proved – could constitute a war crime almost as serious as the U-boat’s targeting of the passenger liner, an atrocity that helped bring the US into the war against Germany in revenge for the many Americans who died.
In its time, the sinking of the Lusitania had all the shock impact of 9/11.
Today, the ship lies 300ft down, 12 miles off the south coast of Ireland near the port of Cobh.

 First underwater visit in 1935 by James Jarret English diver who located the wreck with ASDIC

In 1968 American businessman Gregg Bemis became a co-owner of the wreck, which had been bought the previous year by a US diver for £1,000.
Bemis, who subsequently became sole owner, fought a long battle in the courts for the right to dive and explore the ship, which still contains the remains of hundreds of victims.
It also holds valuable items, but Bemis, now 83, says, ‘When I was younger it was the monetary value that most interested me. But today it’s the history – all the people on board had lives like you and me that were brutally cut off on that May day.’
Bemis is certain that the Lusitania was carrying an illicit cargo of high-explosive gun-cotton which, he believes, caused the blast that sank her so quickly.
The expedition he joins for the documentary aims to prove whether he is right.

The diving team plan to cut out a section of the liner’s hull, locate where any explosive was stored and find evidence of what caused the second explosion.
But just getting down to the Lusitania is hard.
‘The water is incredibly murky,’ says Eoin McGarry, one of the dive team.
‘Although the Lusitania lies in much shallower water than the Titanic, which is 12,000ft down, it’s still difficult to see your hand in front of your face.’
There is also an emotional aspect to diving to the wreck, which McGarry describes as ‘like travelling back in time to visit a graveyard’.

In August of 1993, Dr. Robert Ballard, the discoverer of the Titanic and the Bismarck, led an expedition to the wreck of the Lusitania, off the coast of Ireland.

Using a small submarine and remotely controlled camera vehicles, Ballard and his team studied the wreck like a team of underwater detectives trying to solve a murder mystery. (book/video)

To add to their problems, the divers have only a narrow window of opportunity before worsening weather forces their ship back to port.
First, they have to pinpoint the position of the liner’s magazine, the room set aside for explosive material (the ship had been built on the understanding she might be converted for military use, but never was), then clean off the sediment on the exterior and cut their way into the wreck…
They manage it with just minutes to spare, and crawl deeper into the liner’s interior than anyone before.

RMS Lusitania Celtic Sea Ireland wreck lies approximately 7 miles (11 km) off the Old Head of Kinsale Lighthouse in 300 feet (93 m) of water.

The image shows one of the starboard forward deck mooring bollards still intact
with their original rope lashed into position.

British Technical diver Mark Jones was expedition leader of 3 successful expeditions to the wreck from 1999-2001.

They find the small-arms ammunition the Lusitania had been known to be carrying – and gather enough photographic data for experts at a California lab to make an informed guess about what caused the blast that sent the ship to the bottom.

 Track chart showing the position of RMS Lusitania from 1 May to the day of its sinking 1915.

‘There are only three possibilities,’ says Bemis.
‘Either the torpedo ruptured one or more of the ship’s 25 boilers, causing an explosion; or it set off a coal dust explosion in the coal bunkers; or it triggered a gun-cotton or aluminium-powder explosion – which would mean the Lusitania was carrying dangerous high-explosives, unknown to the passengers who died. And that would have been a war crime on a par with the action of the U-boat that fired the fatal torpedo.’
So what did the scientists at the laboratory decide?

Links :

• Divernet : The liner that turned the war
• TheTelegraph : British 'not to blame' for rapid sinking and loss of life on liner RMS Lusitania, find underwater researchers
• YouTube : 90s Discovery Channel documentary (I / II / III / IV / V)
• Great War Primary Document Archive : Lusitania controversy 
• Lusitania.net