From NYTimes by
As global warming melts sea ice across the Arctic, shipping routes once thought impossible — including directly over the North Pole — may open up by midcentury.
But high costs may keep the new routes from being used right away.
On March 7, 2017, Arctic sea ice reached its annual wintertime maximum extent, according to scientists at the NASA-supported National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) and NASA.
The Arctic sea ice extent set a record low after a warm winter.
Combining the Arctic and Antarctic numbers shows that the planet’s global sea ice levels on Feb. 13 were at their lowest point since satellites began to continuously measure sea ice in 1979.
The amount of sea ice covering the Arctic Ocean has declined sharply each decade since the 1980s, according to measurements taken each September when the ice is at its minimum.
Older, thicker ice is disappearing as well.
Scientists say global warming is largely responsible for the changes.
Parts of the Arctic are warming twice as fast as elsewhere.
The changing conditions offer an opening to
shipping companies.
The Arctic is potentially a faster, more direct
route between Asia and ports in Europe and eastern North America.
Currently there is relatively little cargo
shipped through the region.
Although shipping will increase over the
next decade, especially as Russia develops oil and gas fields in
Siberia, total Arctic cargo tonnage is expected to remain only a small
fraction of the amount carried along southern routes through the Suez
and Panama canals.
But with “middle of the road” warming — higher
than the 2015 Paris accord target but lower than the most extreme
climate change forecasts — more Arctic shipping routes could open, both
for ordinary ships and those that are built to move through thicker ice.
Optimal September navigation for hypothetical projected trans-arctic shipping routes seeking to cross the Arctic Ocean between the North Atlantic (Rotterdam, The Netherlands and St. John's, Newfoundland) and the Pacific (Bering Strait) during consecutive years 2006--2015 and 2040--2059 as facilitated by ensemble-average GCM projections of sea ice concentration and thickness assuming RCPs 4.5 (medium-low radiative forcing) and 8.5 (high radiative forcing) climate change scenarios. Red lines indicate fastest available trans-Arctic routes for PC6 ships; blue lines indicate fastest available transits for common OW ships.
Backdrops indicate period-average sea ice concentrations in 2006--2015 and 2040--2059.
Data-source: Smith, L.C. and Stephenson, S.R. (2013). New Trans-Arctic shipping routes navigable by midcentury.
Data-source: Smith, L.C. and Stephenson, S.R. (2013). New Trans-Arctic shipping routes navigable by midcentury.
Even direct over-the-pole routes would potentially be navigable, at least during some part of the summer-fall shipping season.
“We know what is likely to happen to sea ice,” said Nathanael Melia, one of the researchers
at the University of Reading in Britain who calculated how the routes
might change as warming continues to the middle of the century.
“It will
reduce decade on decade, and open up vast swaths of the Arctic Ocean.”
As Arctic routes become more direct, voyage
times could fall to less than three weeks in some cases, making Arctic
shipping potentially more attractive than the southern routes in coming
decades, Dr. Melia’s research shows.
Just because shippers could make greater use of
Arctic routes does not necessarily mean they will.
Ice conditions will
still vary greatly from year to year, which would discourage shipping
companies for which precise timing of shipments is crucial.
Other costs including higher insurance rates, as well as safety considerations, may deter other efforts. A report
last year by Copenhagen Business School concluded that trans-Arctic
shipping by ordinary vessels between Europe and Asia was unlikely to
become economically viable before 2040.
Links :
- WSJ : The Arctic: Source of Conflict or Cooperation?
- NYTimes : Arctic Nations to Meet Amid Unsettled U.S. Stance on Climate Change
- GeoGarage blog : Arctic shipping passage 'still decades away' / NOAA plans increased 2015 Arctic nautical charting ... / 5 maps that help explain the Arctic / Polar code agreed to prevent Arctic environmental disasters / Map shortcomings could hinder Northern Sea Route growth / Arctic mapping to make navigating Northwest Passage ... / New Alaska navigational chart makes increased Arctic ... / Arctic Ocean: history and now
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