Tuesday, January 7, 2020

Inside the Arctic Circle, Golden Hour has nothing on Golden Day

This self-portrait depicts Wu standing before one of the domes at the Svalbard Satellite Station.
A fogbow arcs above the dome, and Wu's headlamp casts an eerie pink light on the ground.

From Wired by Laura Mallonee

When photographer Reuben Wu visited the Svalbard Satellite Station in Norway, the sun never strayed far from the horizon.

The light in Reuben Wu’s Love is Metaphysical Gravity, shot at the Svalbard Satellite Station in Norway, is breathtaking.
Everything—the data center, its geodesic domes and the snowy landscape surrounding them—drips with exquisite shades of pink, purple and gold.
You might assume it's because Wu shot the images at golden hour, that magical time just after sunrise and before sunset when the sun is low on the horizon, turning the light soft and warm.
And you’d almost be right.
“It wasn’t ‘golden hour,’” Wu says.
“It was golden day.”
The Svalbard Satellite Station sits inside the Arctic Circle at 78 degrees north—just 745 miles from the North Pole.
That makes for some unusual light phenomena; the sun doesn’t set in summer or rise in winter.
When Wu visited with his Sony AR7II in October, it mostly kissed the horizon in a shallow arc.
"It was like a perpetual sunset all day, from about 9am to about 6pm," Wu says.
Wu pays special attention to light in his work, though he’s typically too impatient to sit around waiting for Mother Nature to make things look nice.

The Northern Lights shine above SG-22, one of two domes that help track the JPSS-1satellite.
Wu took this image as part of a timelapse, and he appears in the image standing with his guides beside the dome.

For his previous series, Lux Noctis, he strapped LEDs to a drone to illuminate desert landscapes in the US at night.
“Light is a way I’m able to produce a mood or atmosphere that presents the landscape in a new way," he says.
This quest for unconventional landscapes sent him to the Svalbard Satellite Station, jointly owned by the Norwegian government and the company Kongsberg Defense and Aerospace.
The ground station is the largest of its kind in the world, with 40 antennas tracking more than 80 satellites as they orbit the poles 14 times a day.
The antennas sit inside plastic, geodesic radomes of varying sizes.
“The whole place is like an ode to Buckminster Fuller,” Wu says.
Wu has been wanting to shoot the ground station since he missed it on his first trip to the Norwegian archipelago in 2011.
He decided to go for it last year, after reading that NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration would soon launch a new weather satellite to be tracked by radomes at the station (more on that here).
He got in touch with Raytheon, the space and defense company running the monitoring, as well as Kongsberg Satellite Services, which runs the facility.
They gave him special permission to document the closed-off site.
He spent three days in Svalbard wandering the dreamy expanse of radomes, their shapes mirrored by the ghost of the rising moon.
Inside the domes—cold, echoey chambers that were empty save for the antennas and puddles of snow—he set up LED lights to add an element of drama and mystery.
But outside, he didn’t have to.
The sun threw the domes into relief, sometimes casting their shadows onto the fog beyond.
At night, the golden day gave way to spectacular northern lights.
As surreal as the dome-dotted landscape looks, it’s the light—so beautifully captured by Wu—that makes it all truly stunning.

Monday, January 6, 2020

How to survive 75 hours alone in the ocean

Here, rescue crews carry an exhausted Robert Hewitt from the boat.
Hewitt survived three days on the high seas.
Photo: Scanpix

From GetPocket by Alex Hutchinson

A case study digs into the medical records of a lost diver’s incredible survival story.

In February 2006, Robert Hewitt was scuba diving near Mana Island, off the coast of New Zealand’s North Island.
Hewitt was an experienced navy diving instructor with 20 years in the service, and he told his dive buddy that he would swim back to shore himself.
Instead, when he next surfaced, he had been pulled several hundred meters away by a strong current.
The dive boat had moved on, and Hewitt was left alone, the tide pushing him farther and farther from shore.

In a 2017 issue of the journal Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, a team of researchers led by physiologist Heather Massey of the University of Portsmouth in the UK take a closer look at what happened next: Hewitt’s progressive deterioration over the next four days and three nights, how he survived, and what took place after his eventual rescue.
It’s an interesting glimpse at a branch of extreme physiology that most of us hope we’ll never encounter.

(Massey’s interest isn’t purely theoretical.
She’s currently training to swim across the English Channel, which will require prolonged immersion in cool water.
She also took home a gold medal from the World Ice Swimming Championships last year, in temperatures just a few degrees above freezing, and helped British open-water swimmers prepare for the Rio Olympics.)

The most pressing challenge facing Hewitt was the water temperature of 61 to 63 degrees Fahrenheit (16 to 17 degrees Celsius), well below body temperature.
According to physiological models, when water is 59 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius), the median survival time is between 4.8 and 7.7 hours.
Amazingly, Hewitt spent the next 75 hours in the water, drifting back and forth over a distance of nearly 40 miles before he was spotted by Navy diving friends and rescued.

In general, immersion in cold water produces a four-stage response.
First is the “cold shock response” that triggers “an inspiratory gasp, uncontrollable hyperventilation, hypertension, and increased cardiac workload.” If you’re not ready for it, this shock response can cause you to inhale water and drown and can set off heart arrhythmias.
Hewitt had two key defenses against the cold shock: a five-millimeter custom-fit wetsuit and habituation from more than 1,000 previous dives, which eventually blunts the initial shock response.

After the cold shock, which peaks within 30 seconds and diminishes after a few minutes, the next stage of immersion is peripheral muscle cooling.
For every 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit (1 degree Celsius) that your muscles cool, your maximum muscle power drops by about 3 percent.
That means you can lose the ability to swim before your core actually gets hypothermic.
Hewitt did indeed lose the ability to swim at some points during his ordeal—sometimes because he lost consciousness—but he had a buoyancy compensator that kept him floating with his head above water.

The third stage is deep body cooling, which affects both physical and mental function and eventually results in loss of consciousness and then death.
No one took Hewitt’s temperature until he had been wrapped in blankets and received warm drinks after his rescue.
At that point, it was 96.3 degrees Fahrenheit (35.7 degrees Celsius), which isn’t particularly low.
He did have some episodes of confusion and disorientation that suggest he was on the border of hypothermia, but it’s hard to be sure.

One key factor that helped stave off hypothermia was the fact that Hewitt is (in the words of the researchers) “a large, muscular male”; at 5'11" and 220 pounds, he clearly had a decent amount of insulation.
In fact, for every 1 percent increase in body fat, you slow your rate of heat loss by 0.18 degrees Fahrenheit (0.1 degree Celsius) per hour—a big deal when you extrapolate to 75 hours.
Hewitt also tried to maintain the fetal position, which minimizes heat loss and extends survival time in cool water.

The fourth and final stage of immersion, if you make it that far, is the “circum-rescue” phase.
It’s apparently quite common for people to collapse during rescue, thanks in part to the change in pressure when you leave the water and the strong nervous system reaction to the idea of being rescued.
With this in mind, Hewitt’s rescuers kept him horizontal to maintain blood flow to the brain and gave him “verbal encouragement” to keep fighting for his life.

Of course, cold water wasn’t the only challenge in play.
Despite water, water, everywhere, dehydration is a serious problem—in fact, the squeeze of the wetsuit and water pressure shunt blood to your core, which stimulates urination, even when you’re already dehydrated.
The practical guidance in situations like this is that you should avoid drinking for the first day; this will trigger hormone changes that make your body start conserving water.
After that, aim to scrounge up half a liter per day.
Hewitt used his mask and wetsuit jacket to collect rainwater, but this was far below his needs.
When he was rescued, he drank a liter and a half of water, then received another six liters intravenously.

Prolonged soaking in seawater, along with the friction from his wetsuit and fins, damaged Hewitt’s skin pretty badly.
When found (put your spoon down for a moment), “his body was covered with sea lice feeding on his macerated skin.” And then there’s the psychological challenge, both during and after the ordeal.
By the third day, he was contemplating (and half-heartedly attempting) suicide, but he managed to keep fighting.

Can we extract any lessons from Hewitt’s ordeal? Well, wearing a wetsuit and weighing more than 200 pounds obviously helped, but those aren’t particularly useful takeaways.
Staying in the fetal position—sometimes known as the “heat escape lessening posture,” or HELP—was a good idea.
Ultimately, the most pointed lesson, and the one Hewitt himself now spreads as a water safety advocate, is that he shouldn’t have been in that situation in the first place.
Rather than diving alone, he should have aborted the dive and joined another group or, at the very least, used a surface-marker buoy to flag his position.
“In some ways, Rob almost contributed to his own demise,” the police search team leader said bluntly.
“He took some shortcuts.”

Still, shit sometimes happens.
And if it does, the other big lesson to keep in mind is that in defiance of all the physiological models, Rob Hewitt survived for an astounding 75 hours alone in the cold water.
If you find yourself out there, don’t give up.

Links :

Sunday, January 5, 2020

The first sea chart of the New Netherlands, 1656

Arnold Colom (1656)
26 years before the founding of Philadelphia.
Always amazing how accurate they were without satellite technology.
Nantucket is a little off, but the coast costline is really good. 
How did they chart these?
Trigonometry, astronomy, and very careful observations/notations on those observations

 NOAA 2020 nautical raster chart with the GeoGarage platform

Saturday, January 4, 2020

Monster waves

100 Nautical Miles North East of Shetland
Filmed over a 3 day period, this video shows a storm in the North Sea. This ship and it's crew of 15 eat, sleep and work at sea for a month at a time.






Links :

Friday, January 3, 2020

Indian Ocean Dipole contributing to Australia’s catastrophic bushfire conditions to phase out

Australia's raging bushfires are smothering New Zealand with smokeimage : ZoomEarth

From The Epoch Times by Katabella Roberts


Early January 2020 is likely to see a temperature imbalance in the Indian Ocean dissipate, according to the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM), which may help create more favorable climatic conditions for Australia’s bushfire ravaged east coast.

 Latest Copernicus EU Atmosphere Monitoring Service data shows Carbon Monoxide in the lower troposphere released by Australian wildfires between 15 Dec and 2 Jan.
Animation shows particularly intense activity in New South Wales & Victoria

BOM stated that unusually significant differences between sea-surface temperatures in opposite parts of the Indian Ocean, referred to as the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), has been a major cause of this year’s extreme climate conditions.

Temperatures in the eastern part of the ocean oscillate between warm and cold compared with the western part, cycling through three phases, which meteorologists call “positive,” “neutral,” and “negative.”


This video explains what the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is; the three phases of the IOD—positive, neutral and negative; and its influence on Australia's rainfall.
For more information visit: www.bom.gov.au/climate/iod

A positive IOD occurs when waters near the Horn of Africa are warmer than average, while cooler waters develop off Indonesia, resulting in less rainfall and high temperatures for Australia.

The dipole’s very strong positive phase this year—its strongest in six decades—has therefore had a big impact on Australia’s climate.
It’s led to a drying influence over many parts of the country as well as reduced rainfall and low humidity, enhancing potential evaporation and increasing the risk of fires.

However, BOM stated that while the drier than average conditions being experienced are forecast to ease heading into 2020, the rainfall outlook for January to March will not bring the rainfall needed to “see a recovery from current long-term rainfall deficiencies.”

On a positive note, the forecast said that the existing negative Southern Annular Mode (SAM), in which westerly winds have expanded toward the equator, started to decay southward at the end of December.
In summer, this shift is often associated with more moist onshore flow from the east, which leads to increased rain over eastern Australia.

 Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)

“The good news is, these drivers (dipole and mode) have now started to weaken,” senior climatologist Robyn Duell, told local media.

Duell added that as the drivers continue to weaken, the chance of rainfall will rise, although much of the country may still be subject to warmer than usual conditions over the summer, particularly in the east as the impacts of the IOD and SAM linger.
“The not-so-good news is the effects of these drivers are likely to linger. If we look at the first quarter of 2020, we can see that days remain likely warmer than average,” he said.
“Evenings are also likely to be warmer than average. So again, a continuation of that elevated risk of bushfires and heatwaves will likely continue into the first quarter of 2020. In terms of rainfall, we have quite a neutral outlook.
“For most of Australia, there’s no strong indication either way of it being particularly wet or particularly dry,” he said.

This weekend may bring the hardest-hit regions in Australia its most dangerous fire weather conditions yet.
Strong, shifting winds, temperatures above 104F, single-digit humidity... not a good combo.
see GWIS (Global Wildfire Information System) 
see also NASA : The AIRS instrument aboard NASA's Aqua satellite maps carbon monoxide (CO) from fires in Australia
and Copernicus Carbon monoxide forecasts 

According to BOM, the IOD event peaked in mid-October, when waters around East Africa were roughly 2 degrees Celsius warmer than those near Australia.

So far, record-low rainfall across Australia has contributed to widespread bushfires that have devastated more than 5 million hectares (about 12.4 million acres) of land and killed nine people.

Meanwhile, thousands of miles away in East Africa, the opposite has been seen as intense rain wreaks havoc.

Devastating flooding and landslides have killed more than 280 people, and hundreds of thousands more have been forced to flee their homes, according to the U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

At least 2.8 million people have been affected by severe weather conditions, which have destroyed homes and infrastructure and increased the risk of infectious diseases including cholera.

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