Using temperature data from 1860 to 2005 as a
baseline, climate departure describes the point in time that the average
temperature of the coolest year after 2005 becomes warmer than the
historic average temperature of the hottest year, for a specific
location.
(sSource: Nature. Graphic: Gene Thorp /The Washington Post.
Oct. 9, 2013.)
From Washington Post by Rick Noack
Tuvalu's coastline consists of white
and sandy beaches, green palm trees and mangroves.
It is hard to imagine
that anybody would want to leave this small island nation,
located between Australia and Hawaii, voluntarily.
But Tuvalu has become
the epicenter of a landmark refugee ruling that could mark the
beginning of a wave of similar cases: On June 4, a family was granted
residency by the Immigration and Protection Tribunal in New Zealand
after claiming to be threatened by climate change in its home country,
Tuvalu.
The news was first reported by the New Zealand Herald on Sunday.
King Tide, The Sinking of Tuvalu - Trailer
Tuvalu is one of the smallest and most
remote countries on earth.
Located in the Pacific Ocean, it can barely
be seen on most maps.
The country is in danger of disappearing beneath
the waves.
Not an Atlantis myth but the reality of this century.
Plans
for evacuation are being made right now.
Tuvalu is destined to become
one of earth's first nations to be washed away due to the effect of
global warming, making the Tuvaluans the first complete nation of
climate refugees, banned from their home-islands, their culture and
identity taken away.
Beyond the appearance of an easygoing life, the threat to Tuvalu's future is an obvious danger that everyone has been forced to recognize.
The highest point of Tuvalu is only four and a half meters above sea level.
The average elevation is not even two.
But still, in spite of the evidence, many people in Tuvalu don't believe they will be forced to leave, and point to their bibles for proof.
In the deeply Christian country, great faith is placed in the words of Genesis, which says that rainbows are proof God is keeping his covenant made with Noah to never again flood the earth.
What is going to happen to a nation without their home islands to anchor what is left of their culture?
The
small Pacific island nation sits just two meters above sea level.
If
the current sea level rise continues, experts believe the island might
disappear in
approximately
30 to 50 years.
Tuvalu shares this existential threat with many other
island nations and coastal regions, which have struggled for years to
raise international awareness about their tragic plight.
Predictions for
climate change-induced displacement range widely from 150 to 300
million people by 2050, with low-income countries having the far
largest burden of disaster-induced migration, according to the
Internal Displacement Monitoring Center.
In contrast to the vast amounts of water that surround this Polynesian island, this country’s size–in terms of population and physical space–is quite wee.
In terms of physical size, Tuvalu is the fourth-smallest country in the world, just behind the Vatican, Monaco and Nauru.
Those
threatened by sea-level rise, droughts or other natural catastrophes
face an epochal problem: Victims of climate change are not recognized as
refugees by the International Refugee Convention.
In the Tuvalu case,
Sigeo Alesana and his family
reportedly
left the island nation in 2007 and moved to New Zealand, where
they lost their legal status in 2009.
The family was not able to obtain
work visas and had to apply for refugee and protected persons status in
2012.
Although the claims were dismissed in March 2013 and an appeal was
turned down, the family's case was finally approved.
The case was
closely followed by immigration and environmental lawyers all over the
world.
Sigeo Alesana and his wife
claimed before
the tribunal that climate change had made life in Tuvalu more difficult
due to much more frequently occurring inundations, that caused coastal
erosion and made it difficult to grow crops
The tribunal explicitly
mentioned climate change in its assessment saying that Alesana's
children were particularly "vulnerable to natural disasters and the
adverse impact of climate change."
"I
don't see it as delivering any kind of 'verdict' on climate change as
such," says Vernon Rive, a Senior Lecturer in Law at AUT Law School in
Auckland.
The New Zealand decision is very specific because the family
based its application for residency on three arguments, Rive says.
First, the family members claimed to be refugees; second, they argued to
be "
protected people", and
third, the family said its case fell under "exceptional humanitarian
grounds."
Each of these arguments is based on an existing convention
regarding refugees, but the family only succeeded because it
claimed "exceptional humanitarian grounds," which is a wording
recognized in New Zealand's immigration legislation but not by
many other governments.
In its judgment the New Zealand tribunal surprisingly acknowledged
the humanitarian consequences of climate change among other factors,
such as the presence of an elderly mother who required care. In its
conclusion, however, the tribunal refrained from singling out climate
change and stated that other factors would already have been sufficient
to grant residency to the family.
In other words: The tribunal avoided a
clear decision on whether climate change can or cannot be reason enough
for refugees to be granted residency.
The mere fact that the tribunal
mentioned the impacts of global warming as a contributing factor to the
ruling is nevertheless remarkable.
"What this decision will not do is
open the gates to all people from places such as Kiribati, Tuvalu and
Bangladesh who may suffer hardship because of the impacts of climate
change," Rive says.
While the tribunal's decision may not have
the same impact everywhere, it could send a strong signal to a number of
nations, such as Sweden and Finland, that often grant asylum to people
affected by natural disasters.
According to French climate change
migration expert François Gemenne, governments need to get to grips with
the reality of climate change refugees, irrespective of legal
conventions.
"I believe that bilateral or regional arrangements are
going to become necessary," says Gemenne, suggesting a raft of
agreements will need to be put into place, between nations and among
geopolitical blocs, that will ensure the protection of those displaced
by rising waters.
But will there eventually be open doors for the victims of climate
change?
Some of the countries endangered by climate change fear that
their citizens could effectively become "second class" citizens abroad.
As a consequence, the island nation Kiribati – itself at risk from
climate change – has set up a "
Migration with Dignity" program
which involves training its citizens as highly-skilled workers who are
needed and welcomed in other countries if and when the residents of
Kiribati are forced to move.
The recent New Zealand ruling could give smaller nations stronger
leverage on the international stage.
But do the world's leading
statesmen, beset by a host of other crises, care?
Michael Gerrard,
Director for Climate Change Law at Columbia University, puts current
progress in perspective: "The world community has not even begun to
grapple with what is to come," he tells WorldViews in an e-mail.
