3D visualisation of 'Britain's Atlantis'.
Credit University of Southampton
From NOC
Deep-sea oceanographers have been engaged in the most detailed analysis of the archaeological remains of the lost medieval town of Dunwich, dubbed ‘Britain’s Atlantis.’
Dr Tim Le-Bas, a sonar acoustics expert based at the National Oceanography Centre, translated the sonar readings into 3D high-resolution maps.
He said: “These 3D high-resolution maps are the first time we have seen these buildings in 750 years. Not only can we see the remains of the town we can also measure how the coastal erosion has impacted the buildings over the centuries.
"Working in the shallows of the North Sea was a challenge of a different dimension; I usually prepare 3D maps of ocean features several miles below the sea surface. Here the issue was that the water, although relatively shallow, was dirty brown due to lots of muddy particles in the water. It was impossible for divers to see the archaeological remains and thus we used ultra-high frequency sonar to view the features."
Funded and supported by English Heritage, and using advanced underwater imaging techniques, the project has produced the most accurate map to date of the town’s streets, boundaries and major buildings, and revealed new ruins on the seabed.
The project was led by the University of Southampton’s Professor David Sear of Geography and Environment.
He worked with a team from the University’s GeoData Institute; the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton; Wessex Archaeology; and local divers from North Sea Recovery and Learn Scuba
Carved stonework captured using DIDSON technology.
Credit University of Southampton
He comments, “Visibility under the water at Dunwich is very poor due to the muddy water. This has limited the exploration of the site.
“We have now dived on the site using high resolution DIDSON ™ acoustic imaging to examine the ruins on the seabed – a first use of this technology for non-wreck marine archaeology.
“DIDSON technology is rather like shining a torch onto the seabed, only using sound instead of light. The data produced helps us to not only see the ruins, but also understand more about how they interact with the tidal currents and sea bed.”
Peter Murphy, English Heritage’s coastal survey expert who is currently completing a national assessment of coastal heritage assets in England, says:
“The loss of most of the medieval town of Dunwich over the last few hundred years – one of the most important English ports in the Middle Ages – is part of a long process that is likely to result in more losses in the future.
Everyone was surprised, though, by how much of the eroded town still survives under the sea and is identifiable.
“Whilst we cannot stop the forces of nature, we can ensure what is significant is recorded and our knowledge and memory of a place doesn’t get lost forever."
Professor Sear and his team have developed techniques that will be valuable to understanding submerged and eroded terrestrial sites elsewhere.
>>> geolocalization with the Marine GeoGarage <<<
” Present day Dunwich is a village 14 miles south of Lowestoft in Suffolk, but it was once a thriving port – similar in size to 14th Century London. Extreme storms forced coastal erosion and flooding that have almost completely wiped out this once prosperous town over the past seven centuries. This process began in 1286 when a huge storm swept much of the settlement into the sea and silted up the Dunwich River. This storm was followed by a succession of others that silted up the harbour and squeezed the economic life out of the town, leading to its eventual demise as a major international port in the 15th Century. "
"It now lies collapsed and in ruins in a watery grave, three to ten metres below the surface of the sea, just off the present coastline. "
Credit University of Southampton
The project to survey the underwater ruins of Dunwich, the world’s largest medieval underwater town site, began in 2008.
Six additional ruins on the seabed and 74 potential archaeological sites on the seafloor have since been found.
Combining all known archaeological data from the site, together with old charts and navigation guides to the coast, it has also led to the production of the most accurate and detailed map of the street layout and position of buildings, including the town’s eight churches.
The University of Southampton says the new maps show
how Dunwich has been affected by coastal erosion
Findings highlights are:
- Identification of the limits of the town, which reveal it was a substantial urban centre occupying approximately 1.8 km2 – almost as large as the City of London
- Confirmation the town had a central area enclosed by a defensive, possibly Saxon earthwork, about 1 km2
- The documentation of ten buildings of medieval Dunwich, within this enclosed area, including the location and probable ruins of Blackfriars Friary, St Peter’s, All Saints' and St Nicholas Churches, and the Chapel of St Katherine
- Additional ruins which initial interpretation suggests are part of a large house, possibly the town hall
- Further evidence that suggests the northern area of the town was largely commercial, with wooden structures associated with the port
- The use of shoreline change analysis to predict where the coastline was located at the height of the town’s prosperity
It starkly demonstrates how rapidly the coast can change, even when protected by its inhabitants.
“Global climate change has made coastal erosion a topical issue in the 21st Century, but Dunwich demonstrates that it has happened before.
The severe storms of the 13th and 14th Centuries coincided with a period of climate change, turning the warmer medieval climatic optimum into what we call the Little Ice Age.
“Our coastlines have always been changing, and communities have struggled to live with this change. Dunwich reminds us that it is not only the big storms and their frequency – coming one after another, that drives erosion and flooding, but also the social and economic decisions communities make at the coast. In the end, with the harbour silting up, the town partly destroyed, and falling market incomes, many people simply gave up on Dunwich.”
Professor Sear’s full report can be found at: http://www.dunwich.org.uk/
